Nablus
Nablus or "The Uncrowned Queen of Palestine" as historians call it, is located 63 km north of Jerusalem between Mt. Gerzim and Mt. Ebal. The Roman Emperor Titus founded it in 72 AD in honor of his father Flavius Vespasian and it was called Flavia Neapolis, the "New City".
In the early centuries of Christianity, Neapolis was the scene of constant strife between the local Samaritan and Christian populations. The Samaritan revolt against Rome in 529 AD was severely put down by Emperor Justinian and most of the Samaritans were expelled.
In 636 AD the Arabs took the town, changing its name to Nablus; it has been predominantly Muslim ever since. Nablus enjoys a strategic position being at the junction between two ancient commercial roads: one linking the coast to the Jordan valley, the other linking the north to the south of Palestine through the mountains.
Today Nablus is one of the largest cities in the West Bank aside from Jerusalem, with a population of 120,000 and a principal industrial and commercial center. Some of its numerous factories of olive-oil soap for which Nablus is famous have been operating for more than 250 years. Nablus is famous for its sweets, reputed for its excellent goldsmiths and its busy markets.
Old Town of NablusThe Old city is a large residential and market area featuring many old buildings and lively street scenes and activities. There are impressive mosques, souqs, Turkish baths and traditional soap factories, which are worth exploring.
From Al-Hussein Square, the way to the Old City is a route lined with shops selling Palestinian sweets such as Knafeh, Baklawa or Burma for which Nablus is renowned.
Mount Gerzirm and Mount Ebal881 m and 940 m above sea level respectively, dominate the views of Nablus. They are strikingly different in appearance. Mt. Gerzim is green and tree-covered; Mt. Ebal is for the most part bare, gray rock. The panoramic view from Mt. Gerzim is magnificent. The Samaritans who have lived there for 2500 years hold Mount Gerzim as sacred.
In the Hellenistic period a temple of Zeus was erected on the mountain and was rebuilt in the Roman period. Remains of this temple have been recently excavated. It was connected with the city of Neapolis (Nablus) below it by a staircase, represented on coins, of which traces have also been found.
The modern synagogue, which replaced an earlier one destroyed by an earthquake in 1927, houses what the Samaritans believe to be the world's oldest Torah scroll (The Pentateuch). They are the five books of Moses (pbuh) and the only part of the Scriptures accepted by the Samaritans.
Jacob's WellJacob's Well is located at the entrance of Nablus. Jacob (pbuh), on his return from Mesopotamia, bought a plot of land from Hanor for "a hundred pieces of silver" (Genesis 33:19), on which he pitched his tent and dug a 35 meter deep well for himself, his children and his flocks.
Since that time, the well has been known as Jacob's well. Tradition states that it was at this well that Jesus (pbuh) met the Samaritan woman and asked her for water to drink, the well has been an object of pilgrimage since then.
The old church over the well was destroyed but restored by Crusaders, today Jacob's Well stands within the walled complex of the Greek Orthodox Monastery.
Joseph's TombA little to the north of Jacob's well is the traditional site of Joseph's tomb (pbuh), an Ottoman building marked by a white dome.
Tell Balata (Shechem)Tell Balata or Shechem is situated 3 km east of Nablus. The city was founded by the Canaanites during the 3rd millennium BC and since then it has been destroyed and rebuilt several times.
Owing to its position in a fertile and well-watered valley. Tell Balata was one of the earliest and most powerful Canaanite cities. The remains still visible are a monumental gate and wall on the east and another on the north; near the latter stood a large sanctuary. The large temple in the reconstructed courtyard nearby is thought to have been used for public worship.
Sebaste (sabastia
12 km northwest of Nablus up on the scenic slopes of the Nablus hills stands the ancient royal city of Sebaste or Samaria overlooking the present village of Sebastia. The ruined site extends on a hill dominating the surroundings.
On top of the hill the remains of an Iron Age city were found. Visible remains include the forum with the Severan basilica, many columns of which are still standing; the Roman theater with the Hellenistic tower near it, and the Herodion gate towers at the entrance to a colonnaded street. Sebastia (Sebaste) as the city is known today, means Augustus in Greek. This name comes from the year 27 BC when Augustus bestowed the city to Herod the Great. Omri, the 6th king of Israel first built this city in 876 BC. Being located on a hill and completely isolated, it was easy to defend. King Omri transferred his residence from Terzah to Samaria and made it his capital.
The successors of Omri, Ahab and Jeroboam II, embellished and fortified the city. Ahab under the influence of his Phoenician wife Jezabel, built a temple there in honor of Baal, which was later destroyed by Jehu.
But it was Jeroboam II (784-748 BC) who gave Samaria its greatest days. His long reign saw the development of a powerful aristocracy who became symbols of decadent aristocracy for the prophets Hosea and Amos (pbut). Prophet Amos (pbuh) contrasts the miserable lives of the poor with the luxury of aristocratic houses with their couches of ivory. The prophets' predictions of Samaria were: "And I will make Samaria as a heap of stones in the field when a vineyard is planted, and I will bring down the stones thereof into the valley and will lay her foundations bare".
The instrument of the divine wrath was the Assyrians who having defeated Hosea, the last king of Israel, captured the city in 721 BC, after a 3 year siege. This brought the downfall of the kingdom of Israel; the Israelites were carried captures to Babylon and the land was peopled with Chaldaeans.
In 331 BC, Alexander the Great destroyed the city, which had risen out of its ruins; as did John Hyrcanus in 108 BC.
Pompey rebuilt the town in the year 63 BC, and in the year 27 Augustus bestowed it on Herod the great. Herod did his usual first-class building job and to honor his patron, renamed the new city Sebaste, the Greek for Augustus. At Sebaste, he celebrated one of his many marriages and executed two of his sons.
After the death of Christ (pbuh), Philip the Deacon was the first to preach there the gospel with such success that soon Peter and John joined him in the field.
During the troubles of 64, the soldiers maltreated the Jews, who revenged themselves by burning the city in 66.
In 196, Septimus Severus imported a new population; rebuilding the public buildings, but it lost out all its population to nearby Nablus.
In the 4th century, Sebaste had a Christian community that boasted the fact that it possessed the tombs of St. John the Baptist (pbuh) and the prophets Abdias and Elisha (pbut).
Julian the Apostate (361-363) scattered their ashes to the winds, but Christians continued to venerate the tombs, which were enclosed in a basilica destroyed by the Persians in 614, but rebuilt by the Crusaders, who placed a bishop.
In 1187 the Latin Cathedral was transformed into a mosque and to the venerated tombs was added that of the prophet Zacharia (pbuh).
At a distance, the site appears insignificant. Only the view from the great temple on the acropolis reveals its dominating position. The surrounding hills stand at a respectful distance, on a clear day; one can see the Mediterranean coast.
In the village of Sebaste, one can see the remains of the fine church or sanctuary of St. John the Baptist (pbuh), built by the Crusaders in 1165. The church was built on the ruins of a Byzantine basilica, in the crypt of which were the relics of the precursor and the relics of the prophets Abdias and Elisha (pbut). The only remains of the 12th century building are the Apse, a few large pieces of the wall, together with a considerable portion of the western facade and a few clusters of pillars. The presbytery and the Apse were transformed into a mosque called Nabi Yahya (Mosque of St. John the Baptist).
Among the superb vestiges of Roman civilization, the following stand out; the Forum, a vast area enclosed within a strong wall and an external colonnade, the civic Basilica, a large hall divided into three naves by two rows of columns, the Tribunal, the Stadium, the Theater, a long colonnaded street, and a monumental city gate flanked by two towers to the west of the city.
To the south of the temple of Augustus, spread the ruins of the palace of Omri which was enlarged by Ahab. Ostraca, Rhodian amphoras, pieces of pottery bearing Greek and Hebrew inscription have revealed the Persian and Hellenistic quarter, which covered the two aforesaid palaces.
75 ostraca were found in 1908 in the palace of Ahab, they are shreds of broken clay vessels with inscriptions in Archaic characters, traced in ink. Most of them served as labels for jars of wine or oil of the royal stores.
Here in 1932 was discovered a stratum with small ivory tablets decorated with delicate reliefs, which served probably to embellish the furniture of the ivory house of Ahab, mentioned in the Bible. On the summit, the remains of a church built on the site of the first finding of the Precursor were found. It seems to date from the 5th century, but later it underwent many transformations. In a crypt at the eastern end of the northern aisle, one can still notice some frescoes representing scenes of the beheading of St. John (pbuh). The ruins may not be imposing, but its strategic position is evident.
